Precipitation of dissolved iron and manganese by oxidation with chlorine, potassium permanganate (Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄)), or dissolved oxygen. Uneven dosing leaves un-oxidised Fe/Mn that passes through the filter.
Coefficient of Variation (CoV) ≤0.05 at downstream contact pipe entry. Adequate contact time (2–5 min) downstream of mixer for full Fe/Mn oxidation before filtration. pH must be >7 for effective iron precipitation; >8 for manganese.
Preferred MOC: FRP or coated carbon steel for Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄) service (stains metal surfaces). 316SS for chlorine oxidant. Rubber-lined for high-turbidity slurry.
KE-R removable elements recommended for Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄) duty — manganese dioxide deposits on elements. Injection quill in FRP or Hastelloy for Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄). Contact pipe minimum 2 min residence time between mixer and filter.